Loewy J et al. – Recorded music risks overstimulation in NICUs. The live elements of music such as rhythm, breath, and parent–preferred lullabies may affect physiologic function (eg, heart and respiratory rates, O2 saturation levels, and activity levels) and developmental function (eg, sleep, feeding behavior, and weight gain) in premature infants. The informed, intentional therapeutic use of live sound and parent–preferred lullabies applied by a certified music therapist can influence cardiac and respiratory function. Entrained with a premature infant’s observed vital signs, sound and lullaby may improve feeding behaviors and sucking patterns and may increase prolonged periods of quiet–alert states. Parent–preferred lullabies, sung live, can enhance bonding, thus decreasing the stress parents associate with premature infant care.